# Sustainable Aerogel Insulation Innovations ## Overview Aerogel, often poetically termed "frozen smoke" or "solid cloud," represents a revolutionary class of synthetic porous ultralight materials with profound implications for [[sustainable architecture]]. Derived from a gel where the liquid component is meticulously replaced with gas, aerogel boasts an astonishing composition of 50% to 99.98% air by volume, with the upper end of this range representing highly optimized, yet challenging to scale, laboratory formulations. In the realm of architectural design and construction, sustainable aerogel insulation innovations signify the ongoing development and strategic deployment of these high-performance materials within building envelopes. Their primary objective is to deliver unparalleled thermal resistance with minimal material thickness, thereby significantly enhancing energy efficiency, reducing operational energy demands, and mitigating the environmental footprint of structures. This material’s unique properties make it a cornerstone in the pursuit of ultra-low energy and passive building standards, addressing critical challenges in both new construction and the sensitive retrofitting of existing, particularly historic, buildings where space constraints and aesthetic preservation are paramount. The ability to achieve exceptional thermal performance in a minimal profile positions aerogel as a transformative solution for overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional insulation materials in these demanding contexts. ## Historical Context The conceptual genesis of aerogel dates back to 1931, attributed to the pioneering work of American scientist Samuel Stephens Kistler. Kistler’s breakthrough emerged from a scientific endeavor to substitute the liquid within "jellies" with gas without inducing shrinkage or collapse of the delicate solid network. He successfully achieved this delicate feat through a process known as supercritical drying, a method that circumvents the direct liquid-gas phase change and the associated surface tension forces responsible for collapsing a gel's fragile structural network. Early practical applications of aerogels were predominantly niche, notably by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1960s. NASA leveraged their exceptional thermal properties for insulating astronaut spacesuits and later for capturing cosmic dust particles, demonstrating their resilience and efficacy in extreme environments. While initial aerogel formulations were characterized by their inherent fragility and brittle nature, a pivotal turning point occurred around the year 2000. This era saw Aspen Aerogels commence the commercial production of aerogel blankets, a significant innovation that involved reinforcing the material with various types of fibers, such as polyester or fiberglass. This reinforcement dramatically enhanced the material's durability, flexibility, and applicability as a thin, robust insulation solution suitable for a broader range of industrial and, eventually, architectural uses. Concurrently, NASA’s Glenn Research Center continued to be instrumental in advancing the field, developing novel polymer-reinforced aerogels that further improved their strength, flexibility, and even translucency. These advancements broadened the scope of potential applications beyond specialized aerospace uses, paving the way for their eventual integration into mainstream architectural practices. These developments transformed aerogels from laboratory curiosities into viable, high-performance insulation materials, addressing initial challenges related to mechanical integrity and manufacturability that had previously limited their widespread adoption. ## Engineering Principles The extraordinary thermal insulating capabilities of aerogels stem from their unique ability to effectively counteract two of the three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction and convection. Their minimal impact on radiation is often addressed by integrating opacifiers or reflective layers in composite products. At the core of their performance lies their remarkable composition. Aerogels are predominantly comprised of insulating gas, typically air, which is an inherently poor conductor of heat. The solid framework, most commonly silica (SiO₂), constitutes a mere fraction of the material's total volume, often around 1-3%. This solid network is itself a poor conductor, and its intricate, tortuous, and highly branched path significantly extends the heat transmission route, forcing heat to travel a much longer and more difficult path, further impeding solid-phase conductive heat flow. The extremely low density of the solid matrix means there are very few contact points for heat transfer, minimizing solid conduction. However, the most remarkable aspect of aerogel insulation lies in its microstructure, which is specifically engineered to inhibit convection and gas-phase conduction. The material is characterized by an intricate network of extremely small nanopores, generally ranging from 5 to 100 nanometers (nm), with an average pore size typically between 20 and 40 nm. These pore dimensions are critically comparable to, or even smaller than, the mean free path of air molecules at atmospheric pressure, which is approximately 69 nm. This phenomenon is known as the **Knudsen effect**. When the characteristic dimension of a pore (its diameter) is smaller than the mean free path of the gas molecules within it, the molecules collide more frequently with the pore walls than with each other. This restriction on molecular movement significantly inhibits gas-phase conduction, as the primary mechanism for energy transfer via molecular collision is suppressed. Furthermore, the extremely small pore sizes completely suppress macroscopic convection currents within the pores, virtually nullifying these modes of heat transfer. The gas molecules are effectively "trapped" and cannot move freely enough to establish convection loops, thus preventing heat transfer by mass movement of the fluid. The cumulative effect of these principles results in aerogels possessing exceptionally low thermal conductivity, frequently ranging from 0.003 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ to 0.020 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ at atmospheric pressure. This places them among the most effective insulators available globally, translating into R-values (a measure of thermal resistance) that are substantially higher than those of conventional insulation materials for equivalent thicknesses. For example, a typical aerogel blanket can achieve an R-value of R-10 to R-12 per inch, significantly outperforming fiberglass (R-3 to R-4 per inch) or rigid foam insulation (R-5 to R-6 per inch). This superior performance allows for the achievement of high thermal envelopes with minimal material bulk, a critical advantage in space-constrained architectural applications, such as historic building retrofits or compact urban developments where every millimeter of internal space is valuable. ## Materials and Construction Methods ### Materials Science The most prevalent and thoroughly investigated type of aerogel is **silica aerogel**, characterized by its three-dimensional, intertwined network of amorphous silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles. This network, typically formed through the hydrolysis and condensation of silica precursors, creates the characteristic nanoporous structure. However, the versatility of aerogel synthesis extends to a diverse array of other materials, encompassing carbon, various metal oxides (such as iron oxide, tin oxide, and praseodymium oxide), and organic polymers (including resorcinol-formaldehyde, polyacrylates, and polyurethanes). Each material offers distinct properties; for instance, carbon aerogels exhibit high electrical conductivity and excellent infrared opacity, while certain polymer aerogels offer superior mechanical flexibility. Research into modified silica aerogels, incorporating specific functionalities or surface treatments, is also enhancing performance, for example, by improving mechanical strength or inherent hydrophobicity. Key material properties that underscore aerogels' suitability for architectural applications include: * **Extreme Porosity:** Aerogels can comprise over 90% air content, with some advanced laboratory formulations reaching up to 99.8% air by volume. This high porosity is fundamental to their insulating capabilities. * **Record-Low Density:** Their ultralight nature results in densities as low as 0.0011 to 0.5 g cm⁻³, with typical values for commercial products around 0.020-0.1 g cm⁻³, earning them the moniker "lightest solid on Earth." * **High Surface Area:** Aerogels exhibit an exceptionally high internal surface area, often exceeding 1,000 m²/g, which contributes to their unique adsorption properties. * **Hydrophobicity:** Silica aerogels can be engineered to be hydrophobic through surface modification (e.g., silylation), effectively repelling liquid water while crucially remaining vapor permeable. This dual property is vital for protecting building assemblies against moisture degradation, managing [[interstitial condensation]] within walls, and maintaining long-term thermal performance in humid environments. * **Non-flammable and Chemically Stable:** Many aerogel products, particularly those based on silica, are inherently non-flammable and chemically inert, contributing significantly to enhanced building safety, fire resistance, and long-term durability. * **Mechanical Properties:** While monolithic aerogels are traditionally fragile and brittle, their practical application in construction has been revolutionized by reinforcement. They are commonly reinforced with various types of fibers (e.g., fiberglass, polyester, carbon fibers), particularly in blanket forms, to substantially improve their strength, flexibility, tear resistance, and overall durability, making them robust enough for demanding building environments without compromising their thermal performance. The manufacturing process typically commences with sol-gel chemistry, where silica precursors, such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), undergo hydrolysis and condensation reactions to form a wet gel, a continuous solid network permeated by a solvent. The subsequent and most critical step involves the removal of the liquid component from this gel, predominantly achieved through supercritical drying. This process involves heating the solvent above its critical point, transforming it into a supercritical fluid that can be extracted without causing the capillary forces that would otherwise collapse the delicate nanoporous structure. While effective, supercritical drying is complex, energy-intensive, and batch-oriented, contributing significantly to the high cost of aerogels. Recognizing this, newer manufacturing processes are continually being developed. Innovations such as continuous roll-to-roll methods for polymer aerogels, pioneered by companies like Aerogel Technologies, aim to drastically reduce production costs and facilitate wider adoption by being significantly less expensive to deploy and operate. These methods often utilize ambient pressure drying (APD) after surface modification to prevent pore collapse, offering a more scalable and cost-effective alternative. Fraunhofer UMSICHT, in collaboration with Proceram, is also developing new manufacturing processes using supercritical CO₂ to reduce production costs for mineral-based aerogel insulation, aiming for mass production and improved economic viability. These advancements are crucial for transitioning aerogel from a niche high-performance material to a more accessible solution for widespread architectural applications. ### Construction Methods Aerogel insulation is available in diverse forms, each tailored for specific architectural applications and installation requirements: * **Flexible Blankets:** These are composite materials combining silica aerogel with fibrous reinforcement (e.g., fiberglass or polyester batting), offering superior durability, flexibility, and ease of handling. They are widely utilized for insulating walls, roofs, floors, pipes, and complex geometries. Installation typically involves cutting the blanket to size using a utility knife or scissors, wrapping it around the target surface, and securing it with wire bands, fiber-reinforced tape, or appropriate adhesives. Critical to performance is the staggering and sealing of joints with specialized tapes or sealants to ensure a continuous, airtight, and thermally unbroken insulation layer, minimizing thermal bridging. * **Rigid Panels/Boards:** Offering a more solid and self-supporting form, these panels provide structural integrity alongside high thermal performance. They are suitable for applications requiring robust insulation layers, such as [[exterior insulation finishing system]]s (EIFS), rainscreen systems, or interior wall lining where a flat, stable surface is required. They can be mechanically fastened or adhered to substrates. * **Granules or Powder:** Aerogel in granular or powder form offers considerable versatility. It can be employed as cavity insulation (e.g., in masonry cavities or between glazing panes), mixed with binders to create high-performance insulating renders or plasters, or strategically sandwiched between translucent panes to manufacture high-performance translucent panels for daylighting applications. Granules are particularly useful for filling irregular voids or improving the thermal performance of existing building elements. * **Coatings:** Aerogel can be integrated into liquid coatings that are then sprayed, rolled, or troweled onto surfaces, much like paint or stucco. This method ensures an even application and strong adherence, providing a thin layer of insulation to otherwise difficult-to-insulate surfaces. Manufacturers provide specific guidelines for optimal thickness, layering, and drying times to achieve desired thermal performance. These coatings are often used for thermal bridging reduction or to enhance the surface temperature of interior walls. Irrespective of the form, meticulous surface preparation (ensuring cleanliness, dryness, and structural soundness) and the thorough sealing of all gaps and seams are paramount for achieving optimal thermal performance. The inherently thin profile of aerogel insulation is a significant advantage, enabling substantial energy savings without necessitating bulky wall build-ups. This characteristic makes it an ideal solution for retrofitting existing buildings, particularly those with space constraints or where preserving the original architectural aesthetic and maximizing interior floor area are crucial. Its use also extends to reducing thermal bridging in new construction, improving the overall U-value of complex façade elements. ## Case Studies Aerogel insulation has seen increasing adoption in various real-world architectural projects, demonstrating its versatility and high performance across different climatic and structural challenges, often where conventional insulation would be impractical. ### 1. Retrofit of a Solid Masonry Multifamily Building, New York State, USA This project, a demonstration funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), aimed to assess the viability of using an aerogel insulation system to retrofit the exterior walls of an occupied solid masonry multifamily building. The primary goal was to significantly enhance energy efficiency with minimal disruption to the building's occupants. Aspen Aerogels' Spaceloft® insulation, a flexible blanket material, was applied to the interior surface of the building's exterior walls. This choice was driven by its high R-values in a thin profile, which minimized the loss of valuable interior floor area—a critical consideration for multifamily residential units. Testing of the installed product commenced on January 3, 2013, and concluded on February 14, 2013. The thermal performance of the aerogel-treated walls was rigorously compared against untreated walls of identical construction within the same building during the same period. The project successfully demonstrated that the measured thermal performance of the aerogel insulation aligned with the manufacturer's claims. This case study underscored aerogel's thin profile and hygrothermal advantages (being hydrophobic yet vapor permeable) as crucial factors in preserving the integrity of existing masonry while substantially improving insulation levels. The reduced thickness of aerogel insulation also meant less loss of valuable floor area for tenants compared to other insulation materials, making it a viable solution for occupied retrofits. The project specifically highlighted the effectiveness of aerogel in addressing thermal bridging through the solid masonry structure, a common challenge in such buildings. ### 2. Nunatta Campus Expansion, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada The Nunatta Campus expansion in Iqaluit, Nunavut, stands as a compelling example of aerogel technology deployed in one of the world's most extreme northern climates (63° North Latitude). Designed by Teeple Architects and Cibinel Architects, this project ingeniously incorporated 152 aerogel-filled windows, manufactured by Advanced Glazings, covering a total area of 1,570 square feet. These innovative windows achieved an impressive R18 rating, a testament to aerogel's superior insulating capabilities, especially when integrated into glazing units. The design marked a significant departure from traditional building practices in the Arctic region, which typically feature minimal glazing (around 0.3% of the facade) to conserve heat due to extreme temperature differences. By achieving a 30% glazed facade, the Nunatta Campus demonstrated that increased daylighting could be achieved without compromising thermal performance. This was made possible by the combination of GlasCurtain R7+ Therm fiberglass framing, high-performance triple glazing, and Solera Daylighting Units, all leveraging aerogel's ability to provide exceptional insulation while allowing significant light transmission. The aerogel granules diffused light, reducing glare and creating a soft, even illumination within the interior. The striking facade design effectively contrasts translucency with darker Western Red Cedar cladding, showcasing how aerogel can blend functionality with aesthetic appeal in challenging environments, enhancing occupant well-being through natural light in a region with extended periods of darkness. ### 3. Museum of Tomorrow, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, designed by the renowned architect Santiago Calatrava, is a landmark project that prioritizes sustainability and energy efficiency, having achieved LEED Gold certification. This iconic museum integrated nanogel-based aerogel insulation within its façade and roof structures. The application of aerogel was instrumental in achieving exceptional thermal insulation properties while simultaneously allowing for the penetration of natural light through specific translucent elements. The museum's design emphasizes a holistic approach to sustainability, and the selection of aerogel contributed to its high-performance envelope, particularly in managing solar gain in a hot climate. By leveraging aerogel's ability to provide both superior thermal resistance and a degree of translucency, the building could minimize energy consumption for cooling (and heating, to a lesser extent) while maximizing the use of diffused natural light, thereby reducing the need for [[artificial lighting]] and its associated heat load. This integration showcases aerogel's role in enhancing the energy performance of a large-scale public building, underscoring its potential in contemporary, aesthetically driven, and environmentally conscious architectural endeavors, especially in complex, curvilinear forms where conventional insulation might be difficult to apply efficiently. ## Contemporary Applications Aerogel insulation is increasingly integrated into modern architectural practice, driven by its unparalleled performance and adaptability across diverse building types and environmental conditions. Its unique properties address specific challenges where traditional materials fall short. In **heritage and conservation projects**, aerogel's ultra-thin profile offers a transformative solution. It enables significant thermal upgrades in historic buildings where conventional thick insulation would otherwise compromise architectural integrity, alter visual aesthetics, or reduce valuable interior space. Aerogel-based renders, plasters, and flexible blankets allow for improved energy efficiency without visible alteration to historic facades or interior finishes, a critical factor for listed buildings and those requiring sensitive preservation. It can be applied to interior surfaces of solid masonry walls, significantly improving U-values without disturbing the exterior. For **cold climate envelopes**, aerogel delivers exceptional insulation without the need for bulky construction, preserving building form and maximizing daylight penetration, as exemplified by projects like the Nunatta Campus. Its use in **skylights and translucent systems** is also expanding, with aerogel granules sandwiched between panes creating high-performance translucent panels. These panels offer excellent daylight diffusion, reducing glare and hot spots, while simultaneously providing superior thermal insulation, effectively transforming what were once thermal weak points into high-performance, light-transmitting elements. This is particularly valuable for achieving comfortable indoor environments in deep-plan buildings or areas requiring privacy without sacrificing natural light. Aerogel integrates seamlessly with modern **modular offsite systems and timber façades**, facilitating the creation of highly efficient, climate-responsive, and low-carbon architectural assemblies. Its high thermal resistance in minimal thickness makes it an ideal material for meeting the stringent requirements of **Passive House refurbishments**, particularly in existing structures where space is a premium and achieving extremely low U-values is critical. It is also increasingly used to mitigate **thermal bridging** in complex façade details, window frames, and structural connections, areas where significant heat loss can occur even in otherwise well-insulated envelopes. Current research and innovations are focused on several key areas: * **Cost Reduction and Scalability:** Significant efforts are underway to make aerogel more economically viable for widespread adoption. Fraunhofer UMSICHT, in collaboration with Proceram, is developing new manufacturing processes utilizing supercritical CO₂ to substantially reduce production costs, with a goal for mass production by 2024. Similarly, Aerogel Technologies has pioneered a continuous roll-to-roll process for polymer aerogels, which is reported to be 10 times less expensive to deploy and 6 times cheaper to operate than traditional batch-oriented supercritical drying methods. These advancements in manufacturing are crucial for overcoming the primary barrier to broader market penetration. * **Smart Integration:** Research is progressing on aerogel-infused translucent panels that incorporate potential for sensor embedding. This would allow for real-time monitoring of thermal performance, light transmission, and energy efficiency, enabling dynamic interaction with [[building management systems]] for optimized environmental control. * **Bio-based Aerogels:** A critical focus for enhancing sustainability is the development of aerogels derived from renewable resources, such as cellulose, chitin, or lignin. These bio-based aerogels aim to further improve the environmental profile of the material by reducing embodied energy and reliance on petrochemicals, moving towards a more circular economy in construction. * **Improved Mechanical Properties and Durability:** Ongoing research seeks to enhance the inherent strength and long-term durability of aerogels, particularly for applications exposed to harsh weather or mechanical stress, without compromising their thermal performance. ## Advantages and Limitations ### Advantages The benefits of sustainable aerogel insulation innovations in architecture are multifaceted and significant: * **Exceptional Thermal Performance:** Aerogels boast the lowest thermal conductivity of any commercially available insulation material, providing superior R-values at minimal thickness (typically R-10 to R-12 per inch). This translates directly to substantial energy savings for heating and cooling, reducing operational costs and carbon emissions over the building's lifespan. * **Space Efficiency:** Its ultra-thin profile is a critical advantage, particularly in urban environments, retrofits of existing buildings, and heritage projects where increasing wall thickness is undesirable or impossible. It allows for maximum usable interior space and preserves architectural aesthetics and historical features. * **Lightweight:** Aerogels are incredibly light, reducing the overall structural load on buildings and simplifying transportation and installation processes, especially for large-scale projects or high-rise construction. * **Hydrophobicity and Vapor Permeability:** Silica aerogels can be engineered to be hydrophobic, effectively repelling liquid water while crucially remaining vapor permeable. This property is vital for [[moisture management]] within building envelopes, preventing mold growth, rot, and structural degradation, especially in older buildings with solid walls that require breathability. * **Fire Resistance:** Many aerogel products, particularly those based on silica, are non-combustible and chemically stable, contributing to enhanced building safety and durability, meeting stringent fire codes. * **Versatility in Application:** Available in various forms—flexible blankets, rigid panels, granules, and coatings—aerogel can be adapted to a wide range of [[architectural element]]s, including walls, roofs, floors, pipes, window frames, and translucent systems, offering solutions for complex geometries and diverse construction types. * **Daylight Integration:** Aerogel-filled translucent panels offer excellent light diffusion, reducing glare and creating uniform interior illumination while maintaining high thermal performance, thus maximizing natural light penetration and occupant comfort and reducing reliance on artificial lighting. * **Durability and Longevity:** Aerogel materials are known for their long-term stability and maintain their thermal performance for decades with minimal degradation, contributing to the extended lifespan and sustained energy efficiency of building components. ### Limitations Despite its numerous advantages, aerogel insulation presents certain challenges that warrant consideration: * **High Cost:** Historically, the primary barrier to widespread adoption has been the relatively high material and production cost of aerogels compared to conventional insulation materials (e.g., fiberglass, mineral wool, rigid foam). While ongoing research and manufacturing innovations aim to reduce these costs, they remain a significant factor for many projects, often limiting aerogel to niche, high-performance, or space-constrained applications. * **Fragility (Monolithic Forms):** While reinforced aerogel blankets are flexible and durable, monolithic aerogels in their pure, unreinforced form can be fragile and brittle, requiring careful handling during manufacturing and installation to prevent damage and maintain structural integrity. * **Production Complexity and Embodied Energy:** The traditional supercritical drying process, though essential for preserving the nanoporous structure, is complex, energy-intensive, and time-consuming, contributing to higher production costs and a higher embodied energy footprint compared to some traditional insulation materials. However, the long lifespan and substantial operational energy savings often provide a positive environmental payback over time. * **Dust during Installation:** As with many insulation materials, handling aerogel, particularly in granular or powder form, can generate fine dust. This necessitates appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during installation to prevent inhalation and skin irritation. * **Performance Variability:** While aerogels offer exceptional performance, there can be variability across different formulations, densities, and manufacturing processes. Architects and builders must carefully review product specifications and third-party certifications to ensure the chosen aerogel product meets the project's specific thermal and mechanical requirements. * **Limited Load-Bearing Capacity:** Aerogels, by their nature, are not designed for significant structural load-bearing applications. While rigid panels offer some integrity, they typically require external structural support within building assemblies. ## Related Architectural Concepts For further exploration within an architectural encyclopedia, the following related topics offer valuable context and interconnectedness with sustainable aerogel insulation innovations: * **Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs):** These high-performance thermal insulation materials consist of a gas-tight enclosure encasing a rigid core (often fumed silica or glass fiber) from which air has been evacuated. VIPs offer thermal performance 5 to 10 times superior to conventional insulation and are particularly valuable in space-constrained applications, much like aerogels. See also [[Vacuum Insulation Technology]]. * **Transparent Insulation Materials (TIMs):** This broader category encompasses materials designed to permit solar radiation to pass through while minimizing heat loss. Often used in conjunction with thermal mass for passive solar heating, aerogel-filled glazing units are a prime example falling under this classification. See also [[Passive Solar Design]]. * **Phase Change Materials (PCMs):** PCMs are materials that absorb and release substantial amounts of latent heat during phase transitions (e.g., melting and freezing). They are employed for thermal energy storage and regulation within buildings, contributing to stable indoor temperatures and reduced energy loads. See also [[Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings]]. * **High-Performance Building Envelopes:** This overarching topic covers strategies and materials aimed at optimizing the thermal, moisture, and air barrier performance of a building's exterior. It encompasses advanced insulation, air sealing, and moisture control techniques to achieve superior energy efficiency, resilience, and occupant comfort. * **Passive House Architecture:** A rigorous international standard for energy efficiency, Passive House design aims for ultra-low energy consumption in buildings. It frequently employs advanced insulation materials like aerogels and VIPs, alongside meticulous detailing and [[passive design strategies]], to achieve exceptionally low heating and cooling demands, often requiring minimal active heating or cooling systems. ## References and Sources 1. Aerogel Technologies. (n.d.). *New aerogel continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing process replaces supercritical drying*. Retrieved from [https://www.aerogeltechnologies.com/roll-to-roll-aerogel-manufacturing/](https://www.aerogeltechnologies.com/roll-to-roll-aerogel-manufacturing/) 2. Aspen Aerogels. (n.d.). *Sustainable [[Building Materials]]*. Retrieved from [https://www.aerogel.com/solutions/sustainable-building-materials/](https://www.aerogel.com/solutions/sustainable-building-materials/) 3. Berardi, U. (2016). Aerogel-enhanced systems for building energy retrofits: Insights from a case study. *Energy and Buildings*, *126*, 365-374. 4. Fraunhofer UMSICHT. (2023). *[[Building insulation]] with aerogels — sustainable and affordable | Joseph von Fraunhofer Prize 2023*. (YouTube video). Retrieved from [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2y6-i8D8yU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2y6-i8D8yU) 5. Konlida. (n.d.). *A Guide to Installing Aerogel Insulation Film in Commercial Spaces*. Retrieved from [https://www.konlida.com/news/a-guide-to-installing-aerogel-insulation-film-in-commercial-spaces](https://www.konlida.com/news/a-guide-to-installing-aerogel-insulation-film-in-commercial-spaces) 6. NYSERDA. (2013). *High Performance Insulation in Existing Multifamily Buildings: A Demonstration Project Using Aerogel Materials*. (Report prepared by Conservation Services Group and Aspen Aerogels). Retrieved from [https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Energy-Efficiency/PON2383-Aerogel-Report.pdf](https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Energy-Efficiency/PON2383-Aerogel-Report.pdf) 7. Thermtest. (n.d.). *Thermal Conductivity of Aerogel*. Retrieved from [https://thermtest.com/thermal-conductivity-of-aerogel](https://thermtest.com/thermal-conductivity-of-aerogel) ## Related Architectural Concepts - [[Exterior Insulation Finishing System]] - [[Building Management Systems]] - [[Interstitial Condensation]] - [[Passive Design Strategies]] - [[Sustainable Architecture]] - [[Architectural Element]] - [[Phase Change Material]] - [[Architectural Design]] - [[Insulation Materials]] - [[Passive Solar Design]] - [[Artificial Lighting]] - [[Building Insulation]] - [[Moisture Management]] - [[Aerogel Insulation]] - [[Building Materials]]