[[wiki-architecture]] · [[Biographies]] · [[ARCHITECTURE]] · [[000]] # List of architectural styles An architectural style is characterised by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which change over time, reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials. Styles therefore emerge from the history of a society and are documented in the subject of architectural history. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. Styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. A style may also spread through colonialism, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. After a style has gone out of fashion, there are often revivals and re-interpretations. For instance, classicism has been revived many times and found new life as neoclassicism. Each time it is revived, it is different. Vernacular architecture, unlike traditional architecture, is not designed by architects. It represents a native method of construction used by local people, usually using labor-intensive methods and local materials, and usually for small structures such as rural cottages. It varies from region to region even within one country, and takes little account of national styles or technology. As construction technology developed, vernacular styles have often become outmoded by new technology and national building standards. == Chronology of styles == === Prehistoric === Early civilizations developed, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressively, massive stone structures have survived for years. Neolithic 10,000–3000 BC ==== Ancient Americas ==== Mesoamerican Mezcala Talud-tablero Western Native Americans ==== Ancient African ==== Ethiopian Nubian Somali ==== Mediterranean and Middle-East civilizations ==== ==== Ancient Asian ==== === Classical Antiquity === The architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilizations such as at Knossos on Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry. Ancient Greek 776–265 BC Roman 753 BC–663 AD Etruscan 700–200 BC Classical 600 BC–323 AD Herodian 37–4 BC (Judea) Early Christian 100–500 Byzantine 527–1520 === Middle Ages === The European Early Middle Ages are generally taken to run from the end of the Roman Empire, around 400 AD, to around 1000 AD. During this period, Christianity made a significant impact on European culture. ==== Early Medieval Europe ==== Latin Armenian 4th–16th centuries Anglo-Saxon 450s–1066 (England) Bulgarian from 681 First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018 Pre-Romanesque c. 700–1000 (Merovingian and Carolingian empires) Iberian pre-Romanesque Merovingian 5th–8th centuries (France, Germany, Italy and neighbouring locations) Visigothic 5th–8th centuries (Spain and Portugal) Asturian 711–910 (North Spain, North Portugal) Carolingian 780s–9th century (mostly France, Germany) Ottonian 950s–1050s (mostly Germany, also considered Early Romanesque) Repoblación 880s–11th century (Spain) ==== Medieval Europe ==== The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings. ==== Asian Architecture During the Late Classical and Medieval Ages ==== ==== Islamic architecture 620–1918 ==== Central styles (multi-regional) Prophetic era – based in Medina (c. 620–630) Rashidun period – based in Medina (c. 630–660) Umayyad architecture – based in Damascus (c. 660–750) Abbasid architecture – based in Baghdad (c. 750–1256) Fatimid architecture (909–1171) Mamluk architecture – based in Cairo (c. 1256–1517) Ottoman architecture – based in Istanbul (c. 1517–1918) Regional styles Egypt, including empires ruled from Egypt Early Islamic architecture (Rashidun + Umayyad) (641–750) Abbasid architecture (750–954) Fatimid architecture (954–1170) Ayyubid architecture (1174–1250); category see here Mamluk architecture (1254–1517) Ottoman architecture (1517–1820) North Africa (the Maghrib) Umayyad architecture (705–750) Abbasid architecture (750–909) Fatimid architecture (909–1048) Moorish architecture (788–1550) Idrisid architecture (788–974, Far Maghreb) Aghlabid architecture (800–909, Eastern Maghreb) Zirid architecture (1048–1148, Middle Maghreb) Almoravid architecture (1040–1147, Far Maghreb) Almohad architecture (1121–1269, Far Maghreb) Hafsids 1229–1574 (Near and Middle Maghreb) Marinids (1244–1465, Middle and Far Maghreb) Zayyanids (1235–1550, Middle Maghreb) Ottoman architecture (1550–1830, Near and Middle Maghreb) Local styles under local dynasties (1549–present, Far Maghreb) Islamic Spain Umayyad architecture (756–1031) Taifa Kingdoms-1 (1031–1090) Almoravid architecture (1090–1147) Taifa Kingdoms-2 (1140–1203) Almohad architecture (1147–1238), Taifa Kingdoms-3 (1232–1492) Granada architecture (1287–1492) Persia and Central Asia Khurasani architecture (Late 7th–10th century) Razi Style (10th–13th century) Samanid architecture (10th c.) Ghaznawid architecture (11th c.) Seljuk architecture (11th–12th c.) Mongol-period architecture (13th c.) Timurid Style (14th–16th c.) Isfahani Style (17th–19th c.) Islamic-influenced architecture in South Asia Indo-Islamic architecture (1204–1857) Mughal architecture (1526–1707) Turkey Anatolian Seljuk architecture (1071–1299) Ottoman architecture (1299–1922) First national architectural movement (1908–1940) ==== Pre-Columbian Indigenous American Styles ==== Aztec (ca. 14th century – 1521) Maya Pueblo Puuc ==== African architecture ==== Hausa Songhai Yoruba === Early Modern Period and European Colonialism === From 1425 to 1660, the Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church by placing Man at the center of his world instead of God. The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was developed in response, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values. ==== Contemporary Asian Architecture with Renaissance and Post-Renaissance Europe ==== ===== Japanese ===== Shoin-zukuri (1560s–1860s) Sukiya-zukuri (1530s–present) Minka (Japanese commoner or folk architecture) Gassho-zukuri (Edo period and later) Honmune-zukuri (Edo period and later) Imperial Crown Style (1919–1945) Giyōfū architecture (1800s) ===== Indian ===== Indo-Islamic Mughal 1540- 1860 CE (Present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) Akbari Mughal Garden Style Sharqi aka Janpur Style === Late Modern Period and the Industrial Revolution === ==== Neoclassicism ==== The time from 1720 through 1837 and onward was often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry. New Cooperism ===== Neoclassical ===== Neoclassical c. 1715–1820 Beaux-Arts 1670+ (France) and 1880 (US) Georgian 1720–1840s (UK, US) Jamaican Georgian architecture c. 1750 – c. 1850 (Jamaica) American Colonial 1720–1780s (US) Pombaline style 1755 – c. 1860 (Lisbon in Portugal) Josephinischer Stil 1760–1780/90 (Austria) Adam style 1760–1795 (England, Scotland, Russia, US) Federal 1780–1830 (US) Empire 1804–1830, revival 1870 (Europe, US) Regency 1811–1830 (UK) Antebellum 1812–1861 (Southern United States) Palazzo Style 1814–1930? (Europe, Australia, US) Neo-Palladian Jeffersonian 1790s–1830s (Virginia in US) American Empire 1810 Greek Revival architecture Rundbogenstil 1835–1900 (Germany) Neo-Grec 1845–65 (UK, US, France) Nordic Classicism 1910–30 (Norway, Sweden, Denmark & Finland) Polish Neoclassicism (Poland) New Classical architecture 20th/21st century (global) Temple 1832+ (global) ==== Revivalism and Orientalism ==== Late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains, and factories. As a result, engineers, inventors, and businessmen reshaped much of the architecture of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, including India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and influenced countries across Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes. ==== Rural styles ==== Swiss chalet style 1840s–1920s+ (Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, later global) Adirondack 1850s (New York, US) National Park Service rustic aka Parkitecture 1903+ (US) Western false front (Western United States) ==== Reactions to the Industrial Revolution ==== ===== Industrial ===== Industrial, 1760–present (worldwide) === Modernism and other styles contemporary with modernism === From 1880 onwards, the Industrial Revolution brought steel, plate glass, and mass-produced components. These enabled structural frames with clean lines and plain or shiny surfaces. In the early stages, a popular motto was "decoration is a crime". For example, in the Eastern Bloc of the USSR, the Communists rejected the Western Bloc's "decadent" ways, and modernism developed in a markedly more bureaucratic, somber, and monumental fashion. ==== Postmodernism and Early 21st Century Styles ==== Postmodernism 1960+ (US, UK) Deconstructivism 1982+ (Europe, US, Far East) Shed Style Arcology 1970s+ (Europe) Critical regionalism 1983+ Interactive architecture 2000+ Sustainable architecture 2000+ Earthship 1980+ (Started in US, now global) Green building 2000+ Natural building 2000+ Neo-Andean 2005+ Neo-futurism late 1960s-early 21st century New Classical Architecture 1980+ Berlin Style 1990s+ Blobitecture 2003+ Parametricism 2008+ Mass timber 2010s+ === Fortified styles === Fortification 6800 BC+ Ringfort 800 BC – 400 AD Dzong 17th century+ Star fort 1530–1800? Polygonal fort 1850?- === Vernacular styles === Vernacular architecture ==== Generic methods ==== Natural building Ice – Igloo, quinzhee Earth – Cob house, sod house, adobe, mudbrick house, rammed earth Timber – Log cabin, log house, Carpenter Gothic, roundhouse, stilt house Nomadic structures – Yaranga, bender tent Temporary structures – Quonset hut, Nissen hut, prefabricated home Underground – Underground living, rock-cut architecture, monolithic church, pit-house Modern low-energy systems – Straw-bale construction, earthbag construction, rice-hull bagwall construction, earthship, earth house Various styles – Longhouse ==== European ==== European Arctic (North Norway and Sweden, Finland, North Russia) – Sami lavvu, Sami goahti Northwest Europe (Norway, Sweden, Fresia, Jutland, Denmark, North Poland, UK, Iceland) – Norse architecture, heathen hofs, Viking ring fortress, fogou, souterrain, Grubenhaus (also known as Grubhouse or Grubhut) Central and Eastern Europe – Burdei, zemlyanka Bulgaria – Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo Estonia Germany – Black Forest house, Swiss chalet style, Gulf house (aka East Frisian house), Geestharden house (aka Cimbrian house, Schleswig house), Haubarg, Low German house (aka Low Saxon house), Middle German house, Reed house, Seaside resort house, Ständerhaus, Uthland-Frisian house Netherlands – Frisian farmhouse, Old Frisian longhouse, Bildts farmhouse Iceland – Turf houses Ireland – Clochán, Crannog Italy – Trullo Lithuania – Kaunas modernism, Lithuanian folk architecture, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues Norway – Architecture of Norway: Post church, Palisade church, Stave church, Norwegian Turf house, Vernacular architecture in Norway, Rorbu, Dragestil, also National Romantic style, Swiss chalet style and Nordic Classicism buildings Poland – Zakopane, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues, wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland, Upper Lusatian house Romania – Carpathian vernacular, wooden churches of Maramureș Russia – Dacha Scotland – Medieval turf building in Cronberry, blackhouses Slovakia – Wooden churches of the Slovak Carpathians Spain – Asturian teito, Asturian hórreo, Gallician palloza Ukraine – Wooden churches United Kingdom – Dartmoor longhouse, Neolithic long house, palisade church, mid-20th-century system-built houses Scotland – Broch, Atlantic roundhouse, crannog, dun ==== African ==== Central and South African countries – Rondavel, Xhosa and Zulu Architecture, Zimbabwean Architecture, Sotho-Tswana Architecture, Zulu and Nguni Architecture, and Madagascan Architecture Dutch Colonial, Cape Dutch West African countries – Igbo architecture ==== Asian ==== China Yaodong Siheyuan Tulou Shanxi Hokkien Cantonese Hui Hakka Jiangxi Sichuan Pang uk (Architecture of Hong Kong) India – Rock-cut, Toda hut Indonesia – Rumah adat Iran, Turkey – Caravanserai Iran – Yakhchal Israel – Rock-cut tombs Japan – Minka Mongolia – Yurt Papua New Guinea – Papua New Guinea stilt house Philippines – Bahay kubo, Jin-jin, Torogan, Bale Russia – Siberian chum Thailand – Thai stilt house Myanmar – Shwenandaw Monastery ==== Australasian ==== Australia, New Zealand – slab hut Australia – Aboriginal humpy == Alphabetical listing == == Examples of styles == == See also == Architectural design values List of house styles National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories Sacred architecture Timeline of architecture Timeline of architectural styles Traditional architecture == References == - [[Design/Architectural Design/Architectural Styles and Movements]] - [[Building Construction/Specifications and Detailing/Architectural Detailing]] - [[Design/Architectural Design]] - [[Professional Practice/Architectural Fees and Billing]] - [[Research, Analysis & Citations/Checklists and Templates]] - [[Wiki-Architecture/Architectural Concepts and History]] - [[Design/Architectural Design/Design Process]] - [[Design/Architectural Design/Design Theory]] - [[Design/Architectural Design/Space Planning]] - [[Design/Architectural Design/Universal Design and Accessibility]] White, Norval; Elliott Willensky (2000). AIA Guide to New York (4th ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8129-3107-6. Lewis, Philippa; Gillian Darley (1986). Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon Baker, John Milnes, AIA (1994) American House Styles, NY: Norton == Further reading == Hamlin Alfred Dwight Foster, History of Architectural Styles, BiblioBazaar, 2009 Carson Dunlop, Architectural Styles, Dearborn Real Estate, 2003 Herbert Pothorn, A guide to architectural styles, Phaidon, 1983 == External links == Victoria & Albert Museum Microsite on Introduction to Architectural Styles